Tailoring Nano-Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Derivatives: From Morphology Engineering to Structural and Functional Optimization

Abstract

Rational synthesis of nano-metal–organic frameworks (nano-MOFs) and their derivatives is crucial for tailoring structural and functional properties toward meet the demands of advanced energy applications. This review systematically categorizes synthesis strategies into precursor structure engineering and conversion engineering. The former, including solvothermal, modulation, templating methods and etc., enables precise control over morphology, porosity, and surface functionality of primary MOFs. The latter employs transformation pathways like pyrolysis and chemical conversion to produce derivatives with enhanced conductivity, robustness, and hierarchical porosity. By elucidating the underlying mechanisms, this study clarifies the relationship between synthetic control over size, configuration, and composition and key performance metrics (transport efficiency and stability) across key applications including electrocatalysis, batteries, and gas separation. Finally, current challenges and prospective research directions are discussed to guide the development of next-generation nano-MOF-based materials.