Sodium-ion batteries at low temperature: Storage mechanism and modification strategies

Abstract

With the development of lithium-ion batteries, people are no longer confined to portable electronic products. Large-scale energy storage systems and electric vehicles have emerged as significant areas of development, with many of these systems and vehicles intended for operation in low-temperature environments. Compared with lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries possess abundant resources and exhibit superior electrochemical performance under extreme conditions. However, their performance at low temperatures remains suboptimal. In this review, we comprehensively examined the reasons for the performance decline of sodium-ion batteries at low temperatures and elucidated their storage mechanisms. Additionally, we explored modification strategies and specific applications for low-temperature sodium-ion batteries from multiple perspectives, including electrodes, electrolytes, and interphases. Finally, we summarized the key factors influencing the performance of low-temperature sodium-ion batteries and provided an outlook on their future development.