Comparative analysis of offshore and onshore wind turbines: Efficiency, design, and environmental impact

Abstract

This study provides a comparative analysis of offshore and onshore wind turbines, focusing on efficiency, design, environmental impacts, and regulatory frameworks. Offshore turbines, benefiting from higher, more consistent wind speeds (∼9 m/s at hub height), achieve capacity factors exceeding 50%, with individual outputs reaching up to 15 MW. Onshore systems operate at lower wind speeds (∼5–8 m/s), achieving capacity factors of 30–40% and outputs of 2–4 MW. Offshore systems, exemplified by Hywind Scotland’s 56% capacity factor, offer scalability but involve higher levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $80/MWh and potential marine ecosystem impacts. Onshore turbines, more economically viable ($50/MWh LCOE), face land-use conflicts, and biodiversity risks. The study underscores the need for site-specific solutions, balancing energy efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, with technological advancements like floating foundations and modular designs enhancing future wind energy scalability. These findings guide investments in clean energy systems tailored to geographic and economic contexts.