Unraveling the Diversity and Ethno pharmacological Significance of Garcinia Species in North-East India: Current Applications and Future Prospects

Abstract

Garcinia is a genus of plants widely distributed in the tropical regions of Asia and Africa, with a rich diversity found in North-East India. This review explores Garcinia species, focusing on both the fruit and the whole plant, particularly emphasizing their ethnopharmacological applications. Notably, species like G. pedunculata, G. paniculata, and G. cowa are integral to traditional Assamese medicine and cuisine. Garcinia fruits contain bioactive compounds such as hydroxycitric acid, xanthones, garcinol, and isogarcinol, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-aging properties. The review also discusses various extraction methods including ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, highlighting their potential to isolate therapeutic compounds. Modern processing techniques such as freeze drying and microencapsulation improve shelf-life and nutritional retention. Despite promising preclinical evidence, clinical validation remains limited. This review underscores the need for further pharmacological studies, standardization of extraction protocols, and value-added product development to harness the full potential of Garcinia.