Use of three-dimensional technology for complications of upper limb fracture treatment

Abstract

□ In malunion cases, restoration of anatomy is a key factor in obtaining a good functional outcome, but this can be technically very challenging. □ Three-dimensional printed bone models can further improve understanding of the malunion pattern. □ The use of three-dimensional (3D) computer planning, and the assembly of patient-specific instruments and implants, especially in complex deformities of the upper limb, allow accurate correction while reducing operation time, blood loss volume and radiation exposure during surgery. □ One of the major disadvantages of the 3D technique is the additional cost because it requires specific computer software, a dedicated clinical engineer, and a 3D printer. □ Further technical developments and clinical investigations are necessary to better define the added value and cost/ benefit relationship of 3D in the treatment of complex fractures, non-unions, and malunions.