Real-time detection of loosening torque in bolted joints using piezoresistive pressure-sensitive layer based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced epoxy nanocomposites

Abstract

Bolted connections are extensively used in construction and machine design, playing critical roles in various industrial applications. Bolts and screws are, however, prone to loosening or separating due to factors such as shock, vibration, and temperature fluctuations. This self-loosening phenomenon poses a considerable challenge to the reliability of bolted connections, necessitating regular inspections to ensure their safety. In this study, we report a cost-effective technique for monitoring bolted joint loosening torque: BoltWISE (Bolt loosening detection with innovative sensors). BoltWISE employs an innovative sensor element consisting of a piezoresistive, pressure-sensitive layer made from multi-walled carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposites coated onto an FR4 substrate, functioning as a washer. Our approach provides high sensitivity, durability, linearity, and fast response times, with minimal hysteresis during both the tightening and loosening processes. Finite-element method simulations were conducted to determine the optimal sensor positions, ensuring fast response during bolt tightening and loosening. Our findings highlight BoltWISE as a promising, low-cost solution for efficiently detecting bolt loosening in industrial environments. Its ease of implementation and fabrication make it a valuable tool for improving safety and maintenance practices across various industries.