Religiosity, Spirituality, and Mental Health : A Review

Abstract

This review aims to explore the complex relationship between religiosity, spirituality (R/S), and mental health, drawing upon a broad range of empirical studies published over the last three decades. While R/S has historically been perceived with skepticism in psychiatric discourse, contemporary research increasingly recognizes its significant implications for psychological well-being. The review synthesizes findings from clinical and non-clinical populations regarding the influence of R/S on depression, suicide, anxiety disorders, substance use, and negative religious coping. Most studies demonstrate a protective effect of R/S against depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse, particularly in individuals under high stress. Conversely, maladaptive religious coping—such as feelings of spiritual abandonment or divine punishment—is associated with increased psychological distress. The paper also addresses the bidirectional nature of these relationships, emphasizing that R/S can function both as a resource and a risk factor depending on the context and individual differences. While substantial evidence supports the integration of spiritual assessment into clinical settings, the review also identifies gaps in the literature, notably concerning conditions like OCD and eating disorders. It concludes by recommending that mental health professionals incorporate R/S into patient care to enhance therapeutic outcomes and foster holistic well-being.