Ganglioside Inhibition of CD8+ T Cell Cytotoxicity: Interference with Lytic Granule Trafficking and Exocytosis

Abstract

Granule exocytosis-mediated cytotoxicity by CD8+ CTL plays a crucial role in adaptive immunity to tumors and to intracellular pathogens. This T cell effector function has been shown to be defective in various murine tumor models and in human cancer. However, factors and their mechanisms that cause inhibition of CD8+ T cell lytic function in tumor-bearing hosts remain to be fully defined. We postulate that gangliosides, highly expressed on tumor cell membranes, actively shed into the tumor microenvironment, and having well-established immunosuppressive properties, may be such a factor. We exposed primary mouse CD8+ CTL to gangliosides derived from three sources (tumors and normal brain). This significantly inhibited cytotoxicity-mediated by granule exocytosis, that is, cytotoxicity of alloantigen-specific and polyclonal CD8+ CTL in vitro. These molecules did not interfere with the interaction of CD8+ T cells with their cognate targets. Rather, they inhibited lytic granule release in response both to TCR engagement and to stimuli that induce granule release in a nonpolarized manner. At the subcellular level, confocal microscopic imaging identified inhibition of polarization of lytic granules to the immunological synapse upon target cell recognition. Thus, tumor-shed gangliosides suppress lytic activity of CD8+ T cells by a novel mechanism, that is, inhibition of trafficking of lytic granules in response to TCR engagement, as well as by interfering with the process of granule exocytosis in CD8+ T cells.