A review: Synthesis of biodiesel from low/off grade crude palm oil on pretreatment, transesterification, and characteristics

Abstract

Biodiesel from natural materials has proven its contribution as a renewable energy source. Exploration of natural materials has expanded until many studies have begun to consider natural waste materials to reduce the impact of environmental damage. A natural material that is still considered waste is Low/Off Grade Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Research on this waste has begun to be projected as a raw material for biodiesel. Research on the use of various catalysts in the transesterification and esterification reaction of this waste has expanded. Then, the biodiesel produced has unique characteristics. Thus, some of these studies have been reviewed on a small scale. From that, it is proposed a route to utilize Low/Off Grade CPO which is sustainable and renewable. Therefore, this review article aims to provide a unique understanding of research on the use of Low/Off Grade CPO as biodiesel.