Spatial contamination and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil around nonferrous metal smeltery in north china

Abstract

Nonferrous metallurgy is an important source of heavy metal in the environment and consequently poses potential risks to ecosystems. The impact of smelting on the surrounding environment is a concern. In this work, the content levels of selected heavy metals—chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As)—were investigated separately in soil samples collected around two nonferrous metal smelteries using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The spatial distribution characteristics of soil metal pollutants was studied by ArcGIS methods and the potential ecological risks were assessed by the Hakanson potential eco‐logical hazard index. The results show that soils were heavily polluted by Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and As. Their mean contents in soil around Smeltery A were 88, 62, 103, 1200, 1.4, 146, and 69 mg/kg, respectively, and those around Smeltery B were 86, 59, 83, 117, 0.53, 57, and 65 mg/kg, respectively. Their contents were obviously higher than the background values of soil Cr (68 mg/kg), Ni (31 mg/kg), Cu (22 mg/kg), Zn (78 mg/kg), Cd (0.09 mg/kg), Pb (22 mg/kg), and As (14 mg/kg). The distribution pattern in soil and risk assessment results show that the pollution surrounding the two smelteries reached intense and moderate ecological hazard and that the contribution of Cd and As was up to 87.05% and 82.59%, respectively. These results suggest that metal smelting makes a considerable contribution to soil pollution.