A Multi-Analytical Approach to Investigate Fresco Paintings in a Hypogeum Environment

Abstract

In recent decades, there has been an increase in the development of non-invasive and non-destructive analytical techniques in the field of cultural heritage. The present study aims to characterize the frescoes in the hypogeum environment of the San Pietro a Corte complex in Salerno (Campania, Italy) through a multi-analytical approach that couples Infrared Reflectography with X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Thermographic and hygrometric measurements were also performed to evaluate their state of conservation in relation to environmental parameters such as relative humidity and temperature at the frescoed walls. Spectroscopic investigations revealed a predominant use of natural pigments—chiefly iron-rich earths—and uncovered details invisible to the naked eye that aid art historians in refining stylistic attributions. Hygrometric data showed that the central zones of the frescoes retain the highest moisture levels, underscoring the need for a carefully tailored conservation plan. Overall, this multi-analytical methodology provides important information that enables conservators and restorers to understand both the materials and the preservation requirements of these artworks from a scientific and conservation perspective.