Application of Clearance Theory to the Evaluation and Provision of Drug Information on Renal Dysfunction and Drug-drug Interactions

  • Ohno Y
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Abstract

257 はじめに 薬物クリアランスの変動は,時に重大な臨床的 帰結を引き起こす.腎障害や薬物相互作用は薬物 クリアランスの変動要因として特に重要である. 腎機能が低下した患者への薬物投与設計は薬剤 師が特に責任を持って情報提供しなくてはならな い分野の 1 つであろう.薬剤の添付文書の使用上 の注意において,腎障害患者に対しての何らかの 注意喚起がなされている場合も多いが,その根拠 や対処方法の記載が明確でない場合が少なくな い.そのような場合でも,具体的にどのように対 応するかを適切に評価・判断できることが重要で ある.一般に薬物の消失経路は肝臓での代謝のほ か,腎臓から直接排泄される寄与が大きい.従っ て, 腎機能低下患者への薬物投与を考える際には, その薬物(あるいは薬理活性のある代謝物)の生 体内からの消失における腎排泄の寄与率( RR ) を評価することが重要である.この RR の寄与が 大きい薬物ほど,腎機能低下時には消失され難く なり,体内への蓄積傾向が生じて一般に副作用の リスクが高くなるため,腎機能に応じた適正な投 与設計を考慮しなくてはいけない. 薬物相互作用は併用薬の臨床効果の増強又は減 * 東京都文京区本郷7-3-1 医療薬学 39(5) 257―270 (2013) Renal dysfunction and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can affect the clearance of various drugs from the body; however, these effects are difficult to sufficiently evaluate in clinical studies. This article outlines our recent approaches to improve the method of evaluating and providing the drug information on the effects of renal dysfunction and DDIs. These approaches aim to optimize the drug regimens of patients with renal dysfunction and to improve the management of DDIs. The renal excretion ratio (RR) is required to predict alterations in drug clearance in patients with renal dysfunction. However, the estimation of RR requires pharmacokinetic information that is not always provided in the Japanese drug package inserts or interview forms. A systematic approach to predict changes in drug clearance due to DDIs of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) is described. Uniquely, this method uses a small number of parameters, which are only obtained by in vivo DDI studies, i.e., the contribution ratio of CYPs to oral clearance of substrates (CR), the inhibition ratio of inhibitors (IR) or the increase in clearance by induction (IC). Changes in oral clearance for any combination of drugs can be predicted once these parameters have been calculated for each drug. These predictions were used to construct a pharmacokinetic interaction significance classification system (PISCS) to evaluate the clinical risk of DDIs in daily therapy.

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Ohno, Y. (2013). Application of Clearance Theory to the Evaluation and Provision of Drug Information on Renal Dysfunction and Drug-drug Interactions. Iryo Yakugaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences), 39(5), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.5649/jjphcs.39.257

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