Fairly direct hit! Advances in imaging of shotgun projectiles in MRI

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the magnetic properties of different types of projectiles and qualify the metal artefact reduction technique for diagnostic and/or forensic MRI. Materials and methods: Ten different projectiles embedded in ordnance gelatine blocks underwent an in vitro 1.5-T MR study with seven sequences including a recently developed metal artefact reduction sequence (Advanced WARP) combining VAT (view-angle-tilting) and SEMAC (slice-encoding metal-artefact-correction). Resulting image quality (five-point scale: 1=best; 5=worst) was scored. Quantifiable magnetic characteristics were correlated with qualitative rating of the MR sequences and torque dislodgment. Results: Metal artefact reduction sequence (median: 2.5) significantly (p < 0.001) improves depiction of projectiles in comparison to all other MR pulse sequences (median: 4.75). Images from diamagnetic composed bullets (median: 2) are much less disturbed compared to magnetic attracted ones (median: 5). Correlation (0.623) between deflection angle measurement (ferromagnetic mean 84.2°; paramagnetic 62°; diamagnetic mean 0°) and median qualitative image quality was highly significant (p = 0.027). Torque dislodgement was distinct for elongated magnetic attracted projectiles. Conclusions: Significant improvement of MR imaging of projectiles using metal artefact reduction techniques has important implications for diagnostic/forensic work-up. The correlations between magnetic attraction force, deflection-angle results and image properties demonstrate that the MR safety of projectiles can be estimated with one of these methods. Key Points: • Metal artefact reduction sequence improves overall image quality of bullets (p < 0.001). • Deflection angle assessment significantly predicts image quality of bullets (p = 0.027). • Classification of projectiles’ magnetic properties based on artefacts’ characteristics is possible. • Classifying of bullets has important implications in diagnostic and forensic imaging. • Identification of projectiles’ magnetic attributes improves estimation of patients’ injury risk.