Upper-tropospheric slightly ice-subsaturated regions: frequency of occurrence and statistical evidence for the appearance of contrail cirrus

Abstract

Microphysical, optical, and environmental properties of contrail cirrus and natural cirrus were investigated by applying a new, statistically based contrail-cirrus separation method to 14.7 h of cirrus cloud measurements (sampling frequency 1 Hz, max. ∼ 290 m s-1, total length of sampled in-cloud space ∼ 15 000 km) during the airborne campaign ML-CIRRUS in central Europe and the northeast Atlantic flight corridor in spring 2014. We find that pure contrail cirrus appears frequently at the aircraft cruising altitude (CA) range with ambient pressure varying from 200 to 245 hPa. It exhibits a higher median ice particle number concentration (Nice), a smaller median mass mean radius (Rice), and lower median ice water content (IWC) (median: NiceCombining double low line0.045 cm-3, RiceCombining double low line16.6 μm, IWC Combining double low line 3.5 ppmv), and it is optically thinner (median extinction coefficient Ext Combining double low line ∼ 0.056 km-1) than the cirrus mixture of contrail cirrus, natural in situ-origin and liquid-origin cirrus found around the CA range (median: NiceCombining double low line0.038 cm-3, RiceCombining double low line24.1 μm, IWC Combining double low line 8.3 ppmv, Ext Combining double low line ∼ 0.096 km-1). The lowest and thickest cirrus, consisting of a few large ice particles, are identified as pure natural liquid-origin cirrus (median: NiceCombining double low line0.018 cm-3, RiceCombining double low line42.4 μm, IWC Combining double low line 21.7 ppmv, Ext Combining double low line ∼ 0.137 km-1). Furthermore, we observe that, in particular, contrail cirrus occurs more often in slightly ice-subsaturated instead of merely ice-saturated to supersaturated air as often assumed, thus indicating the possibility of enlarged contrail cirrus existence regions. The enlargement is estimated, based on IAGOS long-term observations of relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) aboard passenger aircraft, to be approximately 10 % for Europe and the North Atlantic region, with the RHice threshold for contrail cirrus existence decreased from 100 % to 90 % RHice and a 4 h lifetime of contrail cirrus in slight ice subsaturation assumed. This increase may not only lead to a non-negligible change in contrail cirrus coverage and radiative forcing, but also affect the mitigation strategies of reducing contrails by rerouting flights.