Analysis of the distribution of sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollutant in Bali Island for the 2011-2020 period

Abstract

Bali's high level of tourism has implications for the increased mobility of tourists and trade activities. Consequently, it is necessary to carry out further studies related to air quality, mainly due to sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollutants in Bali, using a scientific and measurable approach. This study analyzes changes in the concentration and spatial distribution patterns of SO2 pollutants in Bali Island for the 2011-2020 period. The data used in this study are the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO2 and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite rainfall. The concentration of SO2 pollutants in Bali Island fluctuates and has an opposite trend with the rainfall amount. The concentration of SO2 pollutants for ten years on the island of Bali is between 3 and 253 μg/m3, with monthly average concentrations in the range of 34-83 μg/m3. Some concentration of SO2 pollutants exceeds the quality standard, 75 μg/m3 based on Indonesian Government Regulations No. 22 in 2021 occurred in 22 of the 120 months of observation. Natural factors and anthropogenic factors influence the spatial distribution of SO2 for ten years in Bali Island.