Supplements for bone health

Abstract

Bone health is influenced by a dynamic interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, with nutrition playing a vital role throughout life. This review consolidates the current evidence on the roles of essential micronutrients, specifically calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, magnesium, and phosphorus, in skeletal metabolism and integrity. Calcium and vitamin D, the most extensively studied, have been shown to reduce bone loss and fracture risk, particularly in institutionalized individuals or those with deficiencies, while evidence is less consistent in the general population. Although vitamin K, magnesium, and phosphorus are important for bone physiology, the clinical evidence supporting their supplementation is either limited or context dependent. Additionally, this review explores the current status of micronutrient intake in Brazil and discusses potential risks associated with excessive or inappropriate supplementation, such as cardiovascular issues and mineral metabolism disturbances. An individualized, evidence-informed approach may be beneficial in optimizing bone health while minimizing adverse effects.