Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practice towards Vitamin D among university students in Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Pakistan has one of the highest reported incidence of Vitamin D deficiency in studies conducted worldwide. However, there has been very limited exploration of Vitamin D related knowledge, attitudes and practices among healthy youth in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among youth (aged > 16 years) from two engineering universities in Pakistan. Participants were asked questions on their concern about Vitamin D levels, testing, and supplementation practices. Knowledge was examined using questions about food sources, health benefits and factors affecting Vitamin D production within the human body. Of the 900 eligible students invited to participate, 505 (56%) completed the questionnaire and were included in the analysis. Results: Only 9% participants were able to identify the correct food sources of Vitamin D, 33% were aware of the bone health benefits (bone health and calcium absorption) of Vitamin D and 36% identified sunlight exposure as a factor influencing Vitamin D production. Knowledge about food sources and health benefits of Vitamin D was not associated with gender and individuals concern about their levels. Those tested and taking supplements were more likely to identify bone related health benefits and factors affecting Vitamin D production. Forty percent male and 52% female students expressed concern that their Vitamin D levels were too low. However, 72% participants reported that they had never been tested for Vitamin D levels. Use of supplements was significantly higher among female students (F = 52% vs M = 37%; P = 0.003). Those who had been tested for Vitamin D deficiency were more likely to take supplements. Conclusion: Despite being identified as a high-risk population, knowledge about Vitamin D was limited among university students. Interventions are needed to increase awareness about the importance of Vitamin D for health, including the need for exposure to sunlight and adequate dietary intake of Vitamin D. Our study provides much needed baseline evidence for making health-policy recommendations for this vulnerable population group.