Key Factors Shaping Successful Implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Health Care: Qualitative Study

Abstract

Background: The utilization of the Internet of Things (IoT) can significantly enhance health care. However, successful implementation of IoT requires a holistic approach including factors beyond technology alone. Objective: This paper seeks to advance understanding of the factors influencing the successful implementation of IoT solutions in the health care sector, expanding beyond a purely technological focus. Methods: Using data from 22 semistructured interviews with a diverse group of stakeholders—including health care professionals, researchers, municipal and regional officials, and private companies—this study examines 5 leading IoT projects in Sweden. Results: Grounded in sociotechnical systems theory, the research identifies five critical subsystems impacting IoT implementation: (1) laws and regulations, which present challenges due to their complexity and misalignment with rapid technological advances; (2) organizational support, highlighting the essential commitment and resources from management to drive innovation; (3) user focus, emphasizing the importance of engaging end-users—such as patients and health care providers—in the design and implementation of IoT solutions; (4) resources, encompassing both financial investments and human capital needed for effective deployment; and (5) infrastructure, which addresses the technological foundations required to support IoT systems reliably. Conclusions: By shifting attention from adoption to the complexities of implementation, this study fills a critical gap in the literature, which has largely emphasized adoption and technical aspects over practical implementation challenges. The findings provide a nuanced understanding of the primary factors influencing IoT implementation in health care, illuminating both the challenges and potential avenues for successful integration. Ultimately, this research advances the sociotechnical systems theory and also offers valuable insights for managers and policymakers tasked with driving digital transformation in health care systems.