Physical Activity, Cognitive Health and Learning in Youth: A Narrative Umbrella Review

Abstract

Highlights: Public health relevance—How does this work relate to a public health issue? Physical activity shows small cognitive benefits in youth. Findings relate to attention, executive functions, and learning readiness. Public health significance—Why is this work of significance to public health? Evidence is inconsistent due to major methodological variation. The review highlights limitations in intervention design and cognitive assessment. Public health implications—What are the key implications or messages for practitioners, policy makers and/or researchers in public health? Schools may benefit from structured, cognitively meaningful physical activity. Standardized protocols are needed to guide policy and practice. Although physical activity has been widely investigated for potential cognitive and academic benefits in children and adolescents, the evidence base remains mixed and characterized by substantial methodological variability. The present narrative umbrella review synthesizes and critically evaluates recent meta-analyses to identify patterns, strengths, and limitations in the existing literature. A comprehensive search identified systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in recent years that examined the effects of physical activity, exercise, and sports interventions on cognitive outcomes in healthy participants aged 5 to 17 years. In total, seven meta-analyses, covering 181 primary studies with approximately 42,000 participants, met the inclusion criteria. Across reviews, small positive effects of physical activity were reported for executive functions and attention, whereas findings for academic performance were inconsistent. Substantial variation in intervention duration, exercise modality, intensity, implementation context, and cognitive assessment procedures limited comparability and constrained interpretability. Overall, the synthesis indicates modest cognitive benefits of physical activity in youth, while underscoring the need for clearer operationalization of cognitive constructs, standardized intervention protocols, and transparent methodological reporting. From an applied perspective, integrating feasible, developmentally appropriate, and cognitively engaging physical activity into school and community settings may help support attention, executive functions, and broader cognitive health in young populations.