Research on transformation pathways and development models of ecotourism resources in coastal wetland national parks: A case study of Liaohekou National Park

Abstract

[Objective] Addressing the persistent“protection versus development” dilemma in coastal wetland national parks, this study explores effective transformation pathways for ecotourism resources, aiming to construct innovative development models that balance ecological and economic benefits. [Methods] Taking Liaohekou National Park as a case study, a“space-attribute-behavior” three-dimensional analytical framework was introduced. Kernel density analysis was employed to reveal the spatial distribution pattern of 97 resource sites. A comprehensive evaluation model integrating the AHP-entropy weight method with a negative correction for ecological sensitivity was constructed to quantify the resource transformation potential. Text mining and sentiment analysis of 1337 online reviews were conducted to diagnose tourist perceptions. [Results] (1) Ecotourism resources exhibit a dual-core spatial pattern, with natural endowment being the primary determinant of tourism product maturity. (2) The resource transformation pathways are distinctly stratified, where semi-mature products are constrained by systematic barriers. (3) Tourist perceptions highlight a conflict between ecological scarcity and insufficient supporting facilities. [Conclusion] This study establishes a four-level transformation framework of “resource identification-gradient evaluation-product classification-model innovation” and proposes four corresponding development models (i. e., scenery-industry-city integration, innovative PPP, community co-management, and digital twin). This framework provides a systematic solution for the sustainable development of coastal wetland national parks by coordinating industry, technology, and governance.