Abstract
Synopsis A number of nudibranchs, including Melibe engeli and Melibe pilosa, harbor symbiotic photosynthetic zooxanthellae. Melibe leonina spends most of its adult life on seagrass or kelp, capturing planktonic organisms in the water column with a large, tentacle-lined oral hood that brings food to its mouth. M. leonina also has an extensive network of digestive diverticula, located just beneath its translucent integument, that are typically filled with pigmented material likely derived from ingested food. Therefore, the focus of this project was to test the hypothesis that M. leonina accumulates symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates in these diverticula. First, we conducted experiments to determine if M. leonina exhibits a preference for light, which would allow chloroplasts that it might be harboring to carry out photosynthesis. We found that most M. leonina preferred shaded areas and spent less time in direct sunlight. Second, we examined the small green circular structures in cells lining the digestive diverticula. Like chlorophyll, they exhibited autofluorescence when illuminated at 480 nm, and they were also about the same size as chloroplasts and symbiotic zooxanthellae. However, subsequent electron microscopy found no evidence of chloroplasts in the digestive diverticula of M. leonina; the structures exhibiting autofluorescence at 480 nm were most likely heterolysosomes, consistent with normal molluscan digestion. Third, we did not find evidence of altered oxygen consumption or production in M. leonina housed in different light conditions, suggesting the lack of any significant photosynthetic activity in sunlight. Fourth, we examined the contents of the diverticula, using HPLC, thin layer chromatography, and spectroscopy. The Spanish Varios nudibranquios, incluidos Melibe engeli y Melibe pilosa, albergan zooxantelas fotosinteticas simbioti- cas. Melibe leonina pasa la mayorıa de su vida adulta en pastos marinos o quelpo, donde captura organismos planctonicos en la columna de agua con una gran capucha oral forrada por tentaculos que llevan comida a su boca. Melibe leonina tambien tiene una extensa red de divertıculos digestivos, ubicados justo debajo de su tegumento translucido, que generalmente estan llenos de material pigmentado probablemente derivado de alimentos ingeridos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este proyecto fue evaluar la hipotesis de que M. leonina acumula dinoflagelados fotosinteticos simbioticos en estos divertıculos. Primero, realizamos experimentos para determinar si M. leonina se orienta hacia la luz, lo cual permitirıa a los cloroplastos que podrıa albergar el realizar la fotosıntesis. Descubrimos que la mayorıa de M. leonina preferıa las areas sombreadas y pasaba menos tiempo bajo la luz solar directa. En segundo lugar, examinamos las pequeñas estructuras circulares verdes en las celulas que recubren los divertıculos digestivos. Al igual que la clorofila, exhibieron autofluorescencia cuando se iluminaban a 480 nm, y tambien tenıan aproximadamente el mismo tamaño que los cloroplastos y las zooxantelas simbioticas. No obstante, la microscopıa electronica no produjo evidencia de cloroplastos en los divertıculos digestivos de M. leonina. Es probable que las estructuras que exhibieron autofluorescencia en 480 nm fuesen heterolisosomas, lo cual es consistente con la digestion normal de moluscos. En tercer lugar, no encontramos evidencia de un consumo o produccion de oxıgeno alterado en M. leonina alojadas results of these studies indicate that the diverticula did not contain any chlorophyll, but rather harbored other pigments, such as astaxanthin, which likely came from crustaceans in their diet. Together, all of these data suggest that M. leonina does sequester pigments from its diet, but not for the purpose of symbiosis with photosynthetic zooxanthellae. Considering the translucent skin of M. leonina, the pigmented diverticula may instead provide camouflage. varias condiciones lumınicas, lo cual sugiere la ausencia de actividad fotosintetica significativa en la presencia de luz solar. En cuarto lugar, examinamos el contenido de los divertıculos mediante HPLC, cromatografıa en capa fina, y espectroscopia. Los resultados de estos estudios indican que los divertıculos no contenıan clorofila, pero si otros pigmentos como la astaxantina que probablemente provenıa de crustaceos en su dieta. Nuestros datos sugieren que M. leonina secuestra pigmentos de su dieta, pero no con el proposito de la simbiosis con zooxantelas fotosinteticas. Teniendo en cuenta la piel translucida de M. leonina, los divertıculos pigmentados podrıan quizas proporcionar camuflaje.
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CITATION STYLE
Watson, W. H., Bourque, K. M. F., Sullivan, J. R., Miller, M., Buell, A., Kallins, M. G., … Newcomb, J. M. (2021). The digestive diverticula in the carnivorous nudibranch, Melibe leonina, do not contain photosynthetic symbionts. Integrative Organismal Biology, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obab015
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