Safety Climate Measurement: A Survey of Indonesian Infrastructure Construction Projects

Abstract

Research has shown that safety climate (SC) structures are unique to a specific region. This highlights the need to conduct studies across diverse regions and cultures, particularly in developing countries, which are often overlooked by researchers. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the SC factors in Indonesian infrastructure construction projects (ICPs) and understand the underlying factor constructs. This study adopted a quantitative approach using a 45-item SC questionnaire that was validated in prior research and tailored to account for region-specific dimensions. Data were collected from 333 participants across five large transportation infrastructure projects in Indonesia. Statistical, descriptive and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were employed along with Scree plot graphic and Horn Parallel Analysis to identify SC factors. The results identified three key SC factors: (1) Management commitment and communication (MCC), (2) Work practices and applicability of safety rules and procedures (WPAS) and (3) Responsibility for safety and safety resources (RSSR). These factors explained a total variance of 50.96%, with MCC contributing the most at 32.61%. While MCC and RSSR achieved satisfactory performance levels, with a mean score of 4.08 and 4.07, respectively, WPAS fell below expectations (a mean score of 2.69), highlighting the gaps in the implementation of safety practices and compliance with safety regulations. This study revealed that management commitment was pivotal to improving SC, emphasising the need for clear communication and resource allocation. However, significant improvements were required in safety practices and adherence to procedures, particularly at decentralised infrastructure sites. For further research direction, this study recommends confirmatory factor analysis to validate these findings and explore the influence of different stakeholder profiles, such as organisational hierarchy and work experience, on SC perceptions. These insights could guide targeted interventions to enhance ICP safety.