Polymerase Chain Reaction: Types, Utilities and Limitations

Abstract

This paper presents the age hardening behavior of metastable beta titanium alloy Ti-15 V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn subjected to various single and duplex aging treatments. Single aging was carried out in the range 200-550 degrees C for times up to 150 h (h). For duplex aging first step was performed in two different ways: (i) 250 degrees C for 24 h (ii) 300 degrees C for 10 h; second step was carried in the range 350-500 degrees C, for times up to 150 h. The decomposition of alpha (a) phase during aging was monitored by hardness measurements, tensile testing, different microscopic techniques and X-ray diffraction. Duplex aging treatments resulted in higher hardness and strength compared to single aging. There was a good balance of tensile strength and ductility after two duplex aging treatments 300 degrees C/10 h + 500 degrees C/10 h and 250 degrees C/24 h + 500 degrees C/8 h. Precipitate free zones (PFZs) were observed when aged at 6450 degrees C in the microstructure; aging at P500 degrees C gave freedom from such zones. Duplex aging resulted in a finer size and higher density of a precipitates compared to single aging. Duplex aging 250 degrees C/24 h + 500 degrees C/8 h led to a four to five fold improvement in high cycle fatigue (HCF) life compared to single aging at 500 degrees C/10 h. The observed improvement in HCF life could thus be related to smaller size and larger density of a precipitates resulting from duplex aging. Optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies clearly revealed that preaging for 10 h at 300 degrees C accelerated the alpha-phase precipitation reaction during aging. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.