An online survey of farmers' perspectives on the adoption of multispecies swards: Barriers, benefits and knowledge gaps

Abstract

Background: This study used an online survey to explore the perspectives, practices and knowledge gaps of Irish farmers regarding the adoption of multispecies swards (MSS), a sustainable alternative to traditional monoculture grassland systems. With ruminant livestock production being central to global agricultural gross domestic product and Ireland's reliance on grass-based systems, MSS offer potential benefits for productivity, sustainability and environmental impact. However, farm-level data on MSS adoption are limited. Methods: An adapted version of Rogers' Innovation Decision Process model was used to examine farmers' awareness, adoption drivers, perceived benefits, barriers and knowledge needs related to MSS. Results: Among 200 Irish farmers surveyed between October 2023 and March 2024, 93% were aware of MSS and 57% had adopted it. Reported benefits included improved biodiversity, soil health, drought resilience and reduced nitrogen use, with 91% of adopters lowering fertiliser inputs. Key barriers were difficulties with establishment, grazing management, weed control and uncertainty about seed mixtures. Farmers expressed a need for more guidance on persistence and management and preferred learning via open days and discussion groups. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for tailored support to facilitate MSS adoption. Future initiatives should prioritise peer learning, demonstration farms and practical guidance on establishment and grazing.