Furfural and 5-HMF: Potent fermentation inhibitors and their removal techniques

Abstract

The objective of this study to find out the effect of ketamine in combination of opioids on haemodianamics and electrocardiograph in dogs.The ketamine hydrochloride @3mg/kg bwt was administered epidurally at lumbosacrcal space in group I, whereas buprenorphine @0.005 mg/kgbwt, pentazocine @0.3 mg/kg bwt and meperidine hydrochloride (@1 mg/kgbwt were given epidurally in combination with ketamine hydrochloride in group II, III and IV, respectively.To accomplish epidural block, an 18-gauge 3.5 cm hypodermic needle was inserted percutaneously at the prepared site into the epidural space to inject analgesic agent. Haemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes were recorded before and at the time intervals of 5, 15, 30, 60 and minutes of ketamine administration. Haemodyanamic parameters viz. heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure showed a significant higher (P<0.05) value at initial intervals of observation, thereafter, the values revealed a decreasing trends and returned to base line value by the end of observation. Shortening of PR, R.R. and QT intervals were recorded at 5 min up to 30 min. in all the groups. The QRS complex did not show significant variation among and between group. In conclusion, Ketamine in combination of buprenorphine, pentazocine and meperidine as epidural anaesthesia in dogs was found to be effective and produces reversible changes on haemodynamics and Electrocardiograph.