Hot water immersion: a (not so) new therapy for the primary and secondary prevention of hypertension?

Abstract

Hypertension affects over 30% of adults worldwide, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases. Although regular physical activity is a well-established strategy for lowering blood pressure, additional therapeutic approaches may help individuals who struggle to achieve target blood pressure levels. Hot water immersion is garnering attention due to its potential cardiovascular benefits. Historically practiced for therapeutic and cultural purposes, hot water immersion induces physiological responses that share key similarities with physical activity. Accumulating evidence suggests that hot water immersion may contribute to blood pressure reduction. Although small-scale studies report promising acute and chronic blood-pressure-lowering effects, critical gaps remain in the literature. This review summarizes current evidence on the antihypertensive effects of hot water immersion, outlining key areas for future research. Hot water immersion may emerge as an accessible and culturally relevant adjunct therapy for hypertension management.