Achieving “Energy for All”: Solar Mini-Grids for Rural Electrification in Asia

Abstract

Universal access to electricity has not yet been achieved in Asia. Electrification rate is low in low income and emerging economies in Asia, especially in the rural areas. In the past couple of decades, several programs have been launched by the government, corporates and international agencies to provide “energy for all” in Asia. To serve electricity to the unconnected villages, solar mini-grids have been promoted as a policy push. In this study, we reviewed the status of rural electrification through solar mini-grids in selected Asian countries and then through a case study, we examined the impact of electrification on the socio-economic development of the households in two villages with and without grid connectivity. In addition, the study also explored the following questions: (a) What happens to mini-grid when a village gets connected with the main grid? (b) Does it act as a substitute for the main grid or complement it or goes in oblivion? (c) What lessons can be drawn to provide affordable, reliable and sustainable “energy for all”? The study observed that solar mini-grids can play a significant role in providing universal access to reliable energy in Asia. Solar mini-grids can be complement to the central grid during the peak hours. In order to utilise the benefits of the mini-grids, governments should make a predictable grid expansion plan and protect the mini-grids.