A specific small-molecule inhibitor of protein kinase CI activity improves metabolic dysfunction in human adipocytes from obese individuals

Abstract

The metabolic consequences and sequelae of obesity promote life-threatening morbidities. PKCI is an important elicitor of inflammation and apoptosis in adipocytes. Here we report increased PKCI activation via release of its catalytic domain concurrent with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in adipocytes from obese individuals. Using a screening strategy of dual recognition of PKCI isozymes and a caspase-3 binding site on the PKCI hinge domain with Schrödinger software and molecular dynamics simulations, we identified NP627, an organic small-molecule inhibitor of PKCI. Characterization of NP627 by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed that PKCI and NP627 interact with each other with high affinity and specificity, SPR kinetics revealed that NP627 disrupts caspase-3 binding to PKCI, and in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that NP627 specifically inhibits PKCI activity. The SPR results also indicated that NP627 affects macromolecular interactions between protein surfaces. Of note, release of the PKCI catalytic fragment was sufficient to induce apoptosis and inflammation in adipocytes. NP627 treatment of adipocytes from obese individuals significantly inhibited PKCI catalytic fragment release, decreased inflammation and apoptosis, and significantly improved mitochondrial metabolism. These results indicate that PKCI is a robust candidate for targeted interventions to manage obesity-associated chronic inflammatory diseases. We propose that NP627 may also be used in other biological systems to better understand the impact of caspase-3-mediated activation of kinase activity.