Experience of Burden in Self-Care of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study in Indonesian Context

Abstract

Background: Effective management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) depends on self-care practices, including lifestyle modifications, dietary management, and medication adherence. However, in rural Indonesian populations, these practices are often hindered by limited healthcare access, low health literacy, and sociocultural barriers, resulting in diverse and complex patient experiences. Methods: This qualitative study used a phenomenological approach to explore the lived experiences of T2DM patients in rural Indonesia. Participants were recruited through snowball sampling, starting with initial referrals from local healthcare workers. A total of 25 participants (15 females and 10 males) were included. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate self-care practices, challenges, and support systems. Data were analysed using the Colaizzi method to systematically identify key themes and subthemes. Results: Three main themes emerged: (1) Knowledge and Health Literacy, highlighting significant gaps in understanding and low literacy levels among participants; (2) Emotional Impact, encompassing anxiety, diabetes-related distress, and efforts to maintain well-being; and (3) Influencing Factors in Self-Care, such as adherence to treatment, barriers to healthcare access, cultural influences, and the role of family and social support. Participants faced substantial challenges managing their condition, underscoring the need for improved education and tailored support systems. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for culturally sensitive interventions and enhanced education to improve Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) management in rural Indonesia. Addressing emotional well-being, health literacy, and healthcare barriers is essential. Family involvement and community-based support can foster sustainable self-care practices and improve diabetes outcomes.