Prevalence and severity of anxiety, stress, and depression among adults with long COVID in Barcelona: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic’s long-term mental health implications are increasingly concerning, especially among patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, also known as long COVID (LC). Aim: To explore the presence and distribution of anxiety, depression, and stress in individuals with LC with cognitive complaints in northern Barcelona, Spain. Design & setting: This cross-sectional study involved 155 diagnosed individuals with LC from the 'Aliança ProHEpiC-19 Cognitiu (APC)' project. Method: Demographic data and health behaviour variables were collected, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was self-administered to assess mental health. Descriptive statistics, χ2 tests, and Poisson regression models were used for data analysis. Results: 'Severe' stress and 'extremely severe' anxiety were prevalent in the sample. There were significant differences in anxiety and depression based on age and job role, with older individuals and non-healthcare workers showing higher relative risks (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our study highlights the significant mental health burden in patients with LC, underscoring the need for targeted interventions, especially among adults aged >45 years and non-healthcare workers. Further research is needed to better understand LC’s complex mental health impacts and develop effective clinical management strategies.