Simultaneous determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater by GC-FID after solid-phase extraction

Abstract

Groundwater contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) may pose a risk to human health, as these compounds are considered to be highly toxic, carcinogenic and/or mutagenic and bioaccumulative. The aim of this study was to evaluate and determine PAH levels in groundwater samples collected from tubular wells in a city of northern Brazil by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) used by the population for consumption. Sample pre-treatment using solid-phase extraction cartridges was performed in order to promote an enrichment of the PAH fraction of interest and to remove interferences from the matrix to further determine PAH in samples by GC-FID. The results obtained showed that all groundwater samples studied presented PAH levels lower than maximum values allowed by MS 2914/2011 and CONAMA 396/2008. The developed procedure is characterized by low limits of detection and quantification, equal to 0.024–0.113 µg L−1 and 0.079–0.378 μg L−1, respectively, good linearity (r2 > 0.99). The recoveries obtained for 16 PAH by the addition and recovery method ranged from 85.4 to 105.7% with good precision (RSD < 5.0%). The results of this study showed that the method developed is fast, accurate and robust with high efficiency for identification and determination of 16 PAH in groundwater samples.