Democratisation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Digital Authoritarianism? China's Large Language Model (LLM) Strategy and the Challenge to Western AI Dominance

Abstract

China's advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), are reshaping global power dynamics through technology. The emergence of a sophisticated Chinese AI ecosystem has challenged the dominance of Western models. This article examines how these developments disrupt technological hierarchies, economic markets, and geopolitical influence through what Beijing terms “AI democratization.” Drawing on theories of technological hegemony, soft power, and digital authoritarianism, this study analyses interconnected dimensions of China's LLM strategy. These include a state–industry model enabling rapid commercialisation, the economic disruption of Western tech markets, and the geopolitical instrumentalisation of AI capabilities through the Digital Silk Road. Using qualitative content analysis of policy documents, technical reports, and international agreements, the study reveals a persistent tension between China's rhetoric of “AI democratization” and concerns regarding digital authoritarianism. The findings contribute to international relations theory by demonstrating how Chinese LLMs function as tools of attraction and control alike.