Practices, Risks, and Regulations of Self-Medication in Ecuador, Analysis of Prevalence, Determinant Factors, and Patterns

Abstract

Self-medication was identified as a significant global public health issue, particularly in regions with fragmented healthcare systems and economic disparities. This practice posed risks such as antimicrobial resistance, adverse drug reactions, and delayed diagnoses of serious conditions. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence, patterns, and drivers of self-medication in Latin America and compare these findings with other global contexts. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative data from secondary sources and qualitative analysis of cultural and regulatory influences. Data from Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Brazil, and Spain were analyzed, revealing a prevalence range from 35 % in Brazil to 82,9 % in Ecuador. Antibiotics and analgesics were the most commonly used drugs, with their misuse contributing to increased public health risks, particularly antimicrobial resistance. Economic barriers, cultural norms, and healthcare access disparities were identified as key drivers. In Spain, stricter pharmaceutical regulations corresponded to a lower prevalence (40 %), highlighting the role of policy enforcement. The findings underscored the need for effective interventions, including stricter regulations, public education campaigns, and improved healthcare access, to mitigate risks and improve health outcomes.