Chilling and Heating Model for Pecan Budbreak

Abstract

Chilling and heating effects on budbreak of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] trees were examined by linear regression analyses from experimental data and from records of budbreak dates over a wide geographic range. The results demonstrate that budbreak in pecan is under the interactive control of heating and of chilling. Heat required for budbreak varies inversely with chill accumulation, and budbreak may occur with no chilling once sufficient heat accumulates. Variability in budbreak increases dramatically when there are fewer than ≈ 100 chilling degree days. Heating degree days with daily minima <2.2C are inefficient; 3.9C is the most efficient heating and chilling base. At base 3.9C and the daily minimum heating temperature of 2.2C, heating degree days required for budbreak of a composite of cultivars can be predicted from chilling degree days over a wide geographic range by the relationship, Log Y = 2.7190-0.0216 √X.