Tumor-induced orexigenic imbalance lowers protein appetite and drives early organ wasting symptoms

Abstract

Cancer cachexia (CC) is characterized by organ wasting and ensuing involuntary weight loss. Despite advances, underlying mechanisms initiating CC remain unclear, including early symptoms like anorexia. Here, we use a fly gut-tumor model with a precise time-window before organ wasting starts. We show that tumor-induced factors involved in inflammation (unpaired 3/ Interleukin-6-like) and reduced insulin signaling (ImpL2/ Insulin Growth Factor Binding Protein) decrease NPF (Neuropeptide F/ Neuropeptide Y) in the brain prior to organ wasting. This early NPF decrease triggers low protein-specific food appetite and anorexia. We find that ImpL2 reduces NPF signaling while upd3 helps by concurrently affecting the blood brain barrier. Tumor-induced NPF decrease, and early reduction of protein appetite drive the onset of weight loss and exacerbate the risk of death during organ wasting. Altogether, we provide evidence for an early orexigenic brain imbalance causing low protein appetite that regulates the onset and outcome of organ wasting.