A Comprehensive Review on the Recycling of Carbon Fibre–Reinforced Polymer Composite: Recovery Techniques, Material Performance, and Sustainability

Abstract

Carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are increasingly used in the aerospace, automotive, wind energy, and construction sectors due to their superior mechanical properties, lightweight nature, and corrosion resistance. However, the rapid growth in CFRP applications has resulted in significant volumes of manufacturing scrap and end-of-life composite waste, posing environmental and economic challenges⁠. Conventional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are unsustainable and⁠ increasingly restricted by environmental⁠ regulations. Consequently, recycling of CFRP waste has become a critical research and industrial focus. This review presents a comprehensive overview of current recycling technologies for carbon⁠ fiber–reinforced polymer composites, emphasizing fiber recovery techniques, properties of recycled carbon fibers, and sustainability considerations through life cycle analysis⁠ (LCA). Mechanical, thermal, and chemical recycling routes are discussed in detail, along with their advantages, limitations, and technological maturity. The influence of recycling processes on fiber morphology, surface chemistry, and mechanical performance is analyzed. Furthermore, environmental impacts, energy consumption, and economic feasibility of different recycling pathways are compared. Key challenges, industrial barriers, and future research directions toward circular and sustainable CFRP utilization are also highlighted.