Vitrification of Oocytes and Embryos

Abstract

Cryopreservation is a perfect method for long-term conservation of plant genetic resources, using very low temperature (liquid nitrogen, -196 degrees C). This method has been recognized as a practical and efficient tool for the long-term storage of germplasm. Cryopreservation methods may provide the conditions for unlimited conservation of biological materials by reducing metabolic rates. During the cryopreservation all biochemical activities significantly reduced and biological deterioration are stopped. Conservation and subsequent sustainable use of genetic resources are essential to meet the demand for future food security. Several techniques have been developed yet to minimize the damaging effects of desiccation and freezing, ensuring high recovery of plant materials. Cellular division of germplasm is normally repressed after exposure to LN. In addition, metabolic and most physical processes are stopped at this temperature. Thus, plants can be stored for very long time and the problems such as genetic instability and the risk of loose accessions due to contamination or human error during subculture overcome. Techniques like cryopreservation collect and conserve plant genetic resources, especially plants with limited seed storage capability. There is only limited number of plants that cryopreservation techniques are used for their germplasm conservation, mainly because the techniques need to be adapted for each species. Therefore, continued efforts are needed in cryopreservation techniques to develop protocols for a wider range of plants. Formation of ice crystal during cryopreservation is detrimental to cellular structure integrity and causes physical damage to the cells. Air-drying, freeze dehydration, osmotic dehydration, addition of penetrating and non-penetrating cryoprotective substances, and hardening metabolism or combinations of these processes are cryogenic strategies. Nowadays, conservation of plant germplasm has altered from slow cooling to vitrification. However, the availability or developments of simple, reliable and cost-effective strategies and the subsequent regeneration of the plants are basic requirements for germplasm conservation.