Technological Advancements in Carotenoid-Based Encapsulated Systems: Emerging Trends in Health-Promoting Benefits and Their Role in Nutrient Delivery

Abstract

Carotenoids are natural pigments present in plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae, recognized for their 40-carbon structure and classified into hydrocarbons (e.g., α-carotene, lycopene, β-carotene) and oxygenated derivatives (xanthophylls). These compounds play a crucial role in human health as antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing the risk of various diseases. However, carotenoids are inherently unstable during storage and processing, which can diminish their effectiveness. Encapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance carotenoid stability, bioavailability, and antioxidant capacity. This technique involves enclosing carotenoids within protective materials at the micro or nanoscale, protecting against environmental, processing, and gastrointestinal stresses. This review highlights the significance of carotenoids and details various encapsulation methods, including coacervation, nanoprecipitation, inclusion complexation, and emulsion-solvent evaporation, to preserve their functional properties and ensure optimal health benefits. To fill the existing gaps in bioefficacy and regulation, future studies should concentrate on clinical validation, the long-term safety of carotenoids encapsulated in nanoparticles, scalable green encapsulation techniques, and investigating tailored delivery systems.