Open globe injuries: Epidemiology, visual and surgical predictive variables, prognostic models, and economic cost analysis

Abstract

Background: Open globe injuries (OGI) represent a visually and economically devastating cause of vision loss. We examined the epidemiology, predictive variables, prognostic models, and economic cost of surgically managed OGI. Methods: A retrospective tertiary centre study from 2008 to 2018 of 155 consecutive OGI in individuals aged 16 and older was performed. Medical records review, application of Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) and Classification and Regression Tree Analysis (CART) and cost analysis were undertaken. Key outcomes measured were visual acuity, number of operating theatre visits, prognostication using OTS and CART and estimated costs. Results: Younger males at work with inadequate protective eyewear (89.1%) and falls in the elderly were overrepresented. Inferior visual outcomes were associated with a more severe OTS score, a larger injury zone, increasing age, the presence of retinal detachment, extraocular muscle involvement, intraocular foreign body, and globe rupture (R2 = 0.723, p < 0.001). Multiple operating theatre visits were required in the presence of retinal detachment, lens or orbit involvement, work-related injury, globe rupture, and a history of previous intraocular surgery (R2 = 0.0423, p < 0.001). Both OTS and CART prognosticated outcomes (p < 0.001). The OTS predicted for no vision (no light perception/enucleation/evisceration) and profound visual loss (worse than 6/120; specificity: both 100%, sensitivity: 88.2% and 88%) whereas the CART predicted for visual survival (light perception or better) and minimal-to-severe visual loss (6/120 or better; specificity: 88.5% and 81.7%, sensitivity: 97.7% and 100%). Estimated annual OGI cost for Australia was AUD48.1–60.5 million (USD37.3–47.0 million). Conclusions: The total cost of OGI is immense with young males and the elderly being disproportionately affected. Implementation of targeted government legislation and public health preventative measures may be cost-effective in ameliorating the significant burden.