Control and Efficacy as Interdisciplinary Bridges

Abstract

Control and efficacy are ideally suited as "bridges" or linking constructs for social scientists working at different levels of analysis. Control and efficacy depend on the fit between individuals and the social systems in which they are embedded, and control and efficacy have measurable effects on neurotransmitter levels and endocrine responses. This article presents an interdisciplinary perspective on control and efficacy. The authors survey the history of control-related constructs in psychology, from their roots in animal learning to the present cognitive focus on beliefs about control. They then point out connections "up" to the sociological level and "down" to the physiological level. They propose a taxonomy of 6 useful constructs organized into 3 perspectives: motivational, cognitive, and systemic. Such a multilevel, multidisciplinary approach may be particularly useful for approaching large real-world problems such as improving schools or neighborhoods.