The Effect of Carbon Dots Obtained from Different Biological Sources on Corn Seed Germination

Abstract

In the study, the effect of carbon dots (CDs) obtained from different biological sources, such as Spirulina and banana peel, which serve as carbon and nitrogen sources, on corn seed germination was investigated using the green hydrothermal synthesis method. The synthesized CDs were thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques. The surface morphology, wettability, and moisture retention of the seeds after CD application were evaluated using appropriate analytical methods. The synthesized carbon dots exhibited a narrow particle size distribution ranging from 10 to 15 nm and a high antioxidant activity value of 87.72%. Application of CDs to the seeds enhanced their surface properties, improving water retention and accelerating germination, with the most pronounced effect observed at a concentration of 0.1 mg mL⁻¹. At this concentration, root and shoot lengths increased nearly threefold compared to the control. Notably, SB-CD treatment exhibited a clear dosedependent hormetic pattern, in which low concentrations stimulated germination and seedling growth whereas higher concentrations progressively inhibited development. These results demonstrate the potential of naturally derived SB-CDs as sustainable nanomaterials for agricultural biotechnology, offering promising applications in seed treatment, crop enhancement, and eco-friendly agricultural product development.