Organic Manure with Chemical Fertilizers Improves Rice Productivity and Decreases N2O Emissions by Increasing Soil Nitrogen Sequestration

Abstract

Soil organic nitrogen (SON) positively influences crop productivity, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and sustained nitrogen (N) supply. Herein, we observed the effect of different treatments; no fertilizers (CK), chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)), organic manure, and NPK + OM (NPKOM). This study was performed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results indicated that NPKOM treatment significantly decreased the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by 19.97% and 17.47% compared to NPK in both years. This was linked with improved soil nutrient availability, soil organic carbon, soil organic nitrogen (SON) storage (10.06% and 12.38%), SON sequestration (150% and 140%), increased soil particulate (44.11% and 44%), and mineral-associated organic N (26.98% and 26.47%) availability. Furthermore, NPKOM also enhanced nitrate reductase (NR: 130% and 112%), glutamine synthetase (GS: 93% and 88%), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS: 79% and 98%), SSs (synthetic direction; 57% and 50%), and decreased SSs activity in the decomposition direction (18% and 21%). This, in turn, inhibited the decomposition of sucrase and enhanced starch conversion into carbohydrates, thus leading to an increase in rice yield and a decrease in N2O emissions. All fertilizations, particularly NPKOM, significantly enhanced grain protein contents by increasing N uptake and its availability. Therefore, NPKOM is an effective practice to enhance rice productivity, and SON sequestration and mitigate the N2O emissions and subsequent climate change.