ANTXR1 Is a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlates With Stromal and Immune Cell Infiltration in Gastric Cancer

Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, making it difficult to ascertain the optimal therapeutic approach for individual GC patients. Stromal and immune cell infiltration in GC has a strong correlation with clinical outcomes; however, the underlying mechanisms that drive immunosuppression remain vastly undiscovered. Recent studies validated that anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) is aberrantly expressed in several cancers and holds promise as a new therapeutic target for cancer. However, its immunological roles in GC are still unclear. Here, we show that we identify the distinct stromal and immune cell infiltration in GC between the high and low ANTXR1 expression group by analyzing genomic data. Clinically, ANTXR1 is highly expressed in GC and correlates with adverse clinicopathological characteristics. Additionally, high ANTXR1 expression is linked to markedly poor clinical outcomes and resistance to chemotherapy, whereas the low ANTXR1 expression group is correlated with better outcomes and response to chemotherapy in GC patients. We further revealed the differential landscape of somatic tumor mutation burden (TMB) between the two groups and observed that patients with high ANTXR1 expression suffered from a lower TMB, potentially leading to less sensitivity to checkpoint therapy. Molecularly, results displayed that ANTXR1 is an immunosuppressive element, which may perform its function via promoting the secretion of immunosuppressive factors that play a significant role in modulating tumor-associated fibroblast transformation, M2 macrophage polarization, and T cell exhaustion. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that cancer-related pathways including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, focal adhesion, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways were enriched in high ANTXR1 expression tumors. Our work suggests that ANTXR1 could not only serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker in GC but also be deemed as a potential immunotherapeutic target and useful biomarker of sensitivity to chemotherapy.