Overlap of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pre-eclampsia: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE) are among the most common medical complications in pregnancy, with prevalence rates of 10–25% and 3–9.4%, respectively. Both conditions are important causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and pose considerable risks to maternal and fetal health. GDM and PE are traditionally viewed as distinct clinical entities. However, they share several common risk factors, including advanced maternal age, obesity, family history of metabolic disease, dyslipidemia and genetic predisposition. The two conditions also have overlapping pathophysiological pathways, particularly involving metabolic and vascular dysfunctions such as insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This article reviews the prevalence of GDM and PE, the risk factors common to the two conditions and biomarkers that may aid in early identification of these disorders. The report also discusses clinical implications of the overlap between the two disorders, with a plea for integrated management strategies. Finally, the article also highlights potential preventive measures and underscores the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to improve pregnancy outcomes in those with GDM and PE.