Pathways to Emotional Self-Regulation through Mindfulness Meditation: A Mechanistic Study of Positive Psychology Interventions

Abstract

Background: Mindfulness meditation is increasingly recognized as a technique for enhancing emotional self-regulation. This is done especially through the use of cognitive reappraisal and reduced reliance on expressive suppression. Although there is considerable evidence to encourage hopeful expectations about mindfulness meditation’s benefits to mental well-being, little systematic understanding exists: How does mindfulness work? How does it affect emotional regulation mechanisms and resilience in various populations? Methods: Randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate how an 8-week mindfulness meditation intervention enhances emotional regulation within 200 participants. Emotional regulation was measured using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). FMRI data offered insights into neural developments associated with the intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA, mediation analyses and regression analyses rounded out data analysis. This multivariable statistical approach lets us examine the direct and indirect effects of mindfulness on emotional control mechanisms. Results: The results showed that participants in the mindfulness group were better able to appraise situations in a positive way, and suffered fewer occasions of suppressing their feelings, than their leading controls. Depending on effect sizes, these changes were from medium to large (p < 0.01). Neuroimaging results revealed an increasingly prefrontal weasiness mixed with declines of amygdala reactivity, indicating to some extent how mindfulness might exert cognitive control and alter emotional reactivity. This further forms the basis for hypothesis tests on mediation paths from cognitive reappraisal via expressive suppression to emotion regulation mechanism and resilience. Conclusion: Mindfulness meditation was found to be a valuable intervention for the improvement of emotional self-regulation. From observed behavior standards down to neurophysiological parameters we found something about its mechanisms in people with an average rather than low income, and universities offering mindfulness courses across countries and continents spread around the world. These findings have application implications for mindfulness in clinical, educational and workplace environments, suggesting that it may promote resilience over a range of characteristics.