Sustainable and resilient cyber-physical production systems: A systematic literature review

Abstract

Cyber-physical production systems (CPPSs) enable intelligent decision-making, self-diagnosis, predictive maintenance, and real-time monitoring, thereby enhancing resilience, sustainability, and operational efficiency, and positioning them as central to the Industry 5.0 vision. However, current CPPS design and assessment approaches often treat resilience and sustainability separately, lacking an integrated framework. To address this gap, this study introduces the concept of sustainable and resilient CPPSs (SR-CPPSs) and systematically reviews 69 studies to synthesize current approaches, frameworks, methods, and parameters for the design and assessment of SR-CPPSs. The findings identify key categories that clarify how resilience and sustainability principles are integrated into the development and evaluation of CPPSs. The review reveals significant advancements in resilience-oriented CPPS research, whereas sustainability-focused approaches remain limited. This paper highlights that sustainability can reinforce resilience by supporting long-term system viability, while resilience contributes to sustainability by mitigating disruption-induced resource losses and operational inefficiencies. However, this relationship is not always synergistic, trade-offs may emerge depending on design configurations and operational contexts, and this study analyses them. Furthermore, this paper proposes a systemic roadmap for CPPS’s sustainability assessment to realize sustainability goals in SR-CPPS research. The review provides insights into current academic and industrial challenges in advancing SR-CPPSs, including human–automation interaction, lifecycle-oriented evaluation, dynamic adaptation under uncertainty, and the management of time-dependent system complexity. Finally, this work outlines a future research agenda for SR-CPPSs to advance manufacturing systems toward resilient, adaptable, and environmentally responsible production ecosystems, thereby supporting the twin green and digital transitions.