Multiple sound scattering by densely packed shoals of marine animals

Abstract

Brief information on packing density and size of fish and krill oceanic shoals is given. The sound field scattered by a mass of discrete inhomogeneities is calculated using the modified Born approximation. For shoals of the above-mentioned animals, a validity range for the single scattering approximation is established. It is shown that the effect of multiple sound scattering is considerable only for densely packed shoals of small fishes and krill. © 1996 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.