Critical Driving Forces for Formation of Bainite

Abstract

An empirical equation for predicting bainite start temperatures of steels was recently derived by starting from binary Fe-C alloys and continuing with ternary Fe-C-M alloys. This result is now illustrated with a family of BS lines in a T,C diagram for a series of constant Mn contents. The critical driving force for the formation of ferrite is calculated for diffusionless or diffusional processes, and these quantities are used as dependent variables with carbon content or temperature as independent variables. Negative critical driving forces are predicted for a diffusionless process in binary Fe-C alloys, showing that this process cannot apply to the formation of bainite. The critical driving force for a diffusional process increases strongly with decreasing temperature and increasing carbon content. Mn and Ni, contrary to Cr, Mo and Si, have remarkably small effects on this critical driving force. The results are discussed by imagining that the magnitude of the critical driving force is governed by the height of an energy barrier that must be surmounted during growth. It is modeled as completely determined by the alloy composition. It is represented with an equation evaluated by fitting to the recent empirical equation and describing the carbon dependence of the barrier.