A Novel Machine Learning for Ethanol and Methanol Classification with Capacitive Soil Moisture (CSM) Sensors

Abstract

Although Gas Chromatography (GC) is highly accurate, it is costly, highlighting the need for a more affordable method for alcohol detection. Ethanol and methanol have different evaporation rates and dielectric constants, suggesting the potential for classification as an alternative initial step to GC based on differences in dielectric due to evaporation using Capacitive Soil Moisture (CSM) sensors, although it has not been previously attempted. The research aimed to present a novel machine learning for ethanol and methanol classification with CSM sensors. The method involved placing evaporated samples on CSM plates and measuring the change in evaporative dielectric properties over time. The data were then processed using Python, preprocessing data, splitting data, and training various classifiers with key differentiators based on standard deviation, mean, difference, and cumulative summary. Then, model accuracy was evaluated. The research results show that the approach can distinguish between pure ethanol and methanol based on the dielectric differences in each substance's evaporation rate using machine learning training methods with classifiers such as Random Forest, Extra Trees, Gaussian Naive Bayes, AdaBoost, and Logistic Regression with seven folds in cross-validation, L2 regularization, and Newton-Cholesky solver, with accuracies of 96.67%, 96.67%, 96.67%, 93.33%, and 93.33%, respectively. Although the research is limited to the classification of two types of alcohol, the novel approach can classify methanol and ethanol, leading to a potential initial step in determining alcohol content in the future. It can be an alternative to GC with a simpler and more affordable setup using CSM sensors.