How do female labor force participation rates change during episodes of globalization and marginalization? global evidence from 1990 to 2019

Abstract

This article examines how labor force participation rates have changed during episodes of significant globalization and significant marginalization based on the experience of 137 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. We examine female labor force participation rates, male labor force participation rates, and the difference between female and male labor force participation rates. To reduce the distortion resulting from changes in tertiary education rates, we focus initially on labor force participation rates between ages 25 to 64. Our regression results indicate that both globalization and marginalization had a negative impact on female labor force participation rates between ages twenty-five and sixty-four, which increased the difference between female and male labor force participation rates.